1.
Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad)
Address : Vastrapur, Ahmedabad - 380 015, INDIA
Contact No : 91 79 2630 8357, dean@iimahd.ernet.in
Website : http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/
2.
Indian Institute of Management (LUCKNOW)
Address : Prabandh Nagar, Off Sitapur Road,Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh,India,PIN : 226013
Contact No : 00(91)(522)2761397, 00(91)(522)2761437,
Website : http://www.iiml.ac.in/
3.
Indian Institute of Management (Kolkata)
Address : Diamond Harbour Road Joka, Kolkata (Calcutta) - 700104, West Bengal, INDIA
Contact No : +91-33-2282-4598, +91-33-2467-9178
Website :http://www.iimcal.ac.in/
4.
Indian Institute of Management (Kozhikode)
Address : IIMK Campus P. O., Kozhikode 673 570, Kerala, India
Contact No : +91-495-2803001
Website :http://www.iimk.ac.in/
5.
Indian Institute of Management (Indore)
Address : Prabandh ShikharRau-Pithampur Road,Indore 453 331,Madhya Pradesh, NDIA
Contact No : + 91-731-4228400
Website : http://www.iimidr.ac.in/
6.
Indian Institute of Management (Bangalore)
Address : Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore, IndiaPin Code : 560 076
Contact No : 91-80-26582450
Website : http://www.iimb.ernet.in/
7.
Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi University (FMS)(New Delhi)
Address : Faculty of Management StudiesUniversity of DelhiDelhi - 110007
Contact No : +91 11 2766 6382 / 6387 / 6388
Website :http://www.fms.edu/
8.
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (Mumbai)
Address : Backbay Reclamation, Mumbai, India. Pin - 400020
Contact No : +91 - 022 - 22024133 / 22024118 / 22025153
Website :http://www.jbims.edu/
9.
Xavier Labour Research Institute (XLRI) (Jamshedpur)
Address : XLRI Circuit House Area (East)Jamshedpur 831 001JharkhandIndia
Contact No : +91 - 657 - 398 3333
Website : http://www.xlri.ac.in/
10.
SP Jain Institute of Management & Research (Mumbai)
Address : Munshi Nagar, Dadabhai Road, Andheri West,Mumbai - 400 058, India.
Contact No : +91-22-2623 7454 / 0396 / 2401
Website :http://www.spjimr.org/
11.
Institute of Management Technology (Ghaziabad)
Address : Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 001, India
Contact No : +91 0120 3002200
Website :http://www.imt.edu/
12.
Xavier Institute of Management (Bhubaneshwar)
Address : Bhubaneswar - 751 013, India
Contact No : 91.674 3012345
Website :http://www.ximb.ac.in/
13.
International Management Institute (New Delhi)
Address : B-10, Qutab Institutional Area, Tara Crescent, New Delhi - 110016
Contact No : 2696-1437/3519/6143, 2686-3701, 2652-8276/9237/9338/9239
Website :http://www.imi.edu/
14.
Management Development Institute (Gurgaon)
Address : Mehrauli RoadSukhrali, Gurgaon - 122001INDIA
Contact No : + 91 124 2349831-36, 4013050-59
Website :http://www.imt.edu/
15.
FORE School of Management (New Delhi)
Address : B-18, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi, India
Contact No : 91-11-41242424-33
Website : http://www.fsm.ac.in/
16.
National Institute of Industrial Engineering (Mumbai)
Address : NITIE Campus,Near Vihar Lake,Mumbai 400087, Maharashtra, India
Contact No : 022 28575590
Website :http://www.nitie.edu/
Thursday, December 17, 2009
TOP MBA COLLEGES LIST 1
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad www.iimahd.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore www.iimb.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Management Kolkata www.iimcal.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode www.iimk.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management Indore www.iimidr.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management Lucknow www.iiml.ac.in
Xavier Labour Research Institute (XLRI) Jamshedpur www.xlri.edu
Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi University (FMS) New Delhi www.fms.edu
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies Mumbai www.jbims.edu
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies Mumbai www.nmims.edu
SP Jain Institute of Management & Research Mumbai www.spjimr.org
Institute of Management Technology Ghaziabad www.imt.edu
Management Development Institute Gurgaon www.mdi.ac.in
Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneshwar www.ximb.ac.in
International Management Institute New Delhi www.imi.edu
FORE School of Management New Delhi www.fsm.ac.in
Symbiosis Institute of Business Management Pune www.sibm.edu
Symbiosis Centre for Management and HRD Pune www.scmhrd.edu
Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal www.iifm.org
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade New Delhi www.iift.edu
Tata Institute of Social Sciences Mumbai www.tiss.edu
Institute of Rural Management Anand (Gujarat) www.irma.ac.in
Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad www.mica-india.net
National Institute of Fashion Technology New Delhi www.niftindia.com
Bharatidasan Institute of Management Tituchirapalli www.bim.edu
National Institute of Industrial Engineering Mumbai www.nitie.edu
Indian Institute of Technology - school of Management Mumbai www.iitb.ac.in/~som
Indian Institute of Technology department of Management Studies New Delhi www.iitdmba.org
Indian Institute of Technology - Vinod gupta school of Management Kharagpur www.som.iitkgp.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore www.iimb.ernet.in
Indian Institute of Management Kolkata www.iimcal.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode www.iimk.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management Indore www.iimidr.ac.in
Indian Institute of Management Lucknow www.iiml.ac.in
Xavier Labour Research Institute (XLRI) Jamshedpur www.xlri.edu
Faculty of Management Studies, Delhi University (FMS) New Delhi www.fms.edu
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies Mumbai www.jbims.edu
Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies Mumbai www.nmims.edu
SP Jain Institute of Management & Research Mumbai www.spjimr.org
Institute of Management Technology Ghaziabad www.imt.edu
Management Development Institute Gurgaon www.mdi.ac.in
Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneshwar www.ximb.ac.in
International Management Institute New Delhi www.imi.edu
FORE School of Management New Delhi www.fsm.ac.in
Symbiosis Institute of Business Management Pune www.sibm.edu
Symbiosis Centre for Management and HRD Pune www.scmhrd.edu
Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal www.iifm.org
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade New Delhi www.iift.edu
Tata Institute of Social Sciences Mumbai www.tiss.edu
Institute of Rural Management Anand (Gujarat) www.irma.ac.in
Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad www.mica-india.net
National Institute of Fashion Technology New Delhi www.niftindia.com
Bharatidasan Institute of Management Tituchirapalli www.bim.edu
National Institute of Industrial Engineering Mumbai www.nitie.edu
Indian Institute of Technology - school of Management Mumbai www.iitb.ac.in/~som
Indian Institute of Technology department of Management Studies New Delhi www.iitdmba.org
Indian Institute of Technology - Vinod gupta school of Management Kharagpur www.som.iitkgp.ernet.in
WINDOWS HOT KEYS
Win Press windows key to open start menu
Win+R Apply to open Run dialog box
Win+M Apply to minimize all opened windows
Win+Shift+M Apply to maximize all opened windows
Win+L Press keys to lock keyboard in windows XP
Win+E Press keys to open My Computer
Win+F Apply to open search options
Win+U Apply keys to open Utility Manager
Win+D To view desktop/minimize all windows
Win+F1 To view the detail windows help page
Win+Pause To view the System Properties dialog box
Win+Tab Move through taskbar programs
Win+F+Ctrl Apply to open search for computers
Alt+Tab Move through opened windows programs
Alt+F4 Press keys to close active windows program
Alt+Enter Apply to open properties of selected item
Alt+ SPACEBAR Open the system menu of active window
Alt+ SPACEBAR +N Press keys to minimize the active program
Alt+ SPACEBAR +R Press keys to restore the active program
Alt+ SPACEBAR+C Press keys to close the active program
Alt+ SPACEBAR+X Press keys to maximize the active program
Alt+ SPACEBAR+M Press keys to move the active program
Ctrl+Alt+Delete Apply to open windows task manager
Ctrl+Shift+Esc Apply to open windows task manager
Ctrl+Esc Press keys to open start menu
Shift Shift key to prevent CD from automatically playing
Shift+Delete To delete items permanently
Win+R Apply to open Run dialog box
Win+M Apply to minimize all opened windows
Win+Shift+M Apply to maximize all opened windows
Win+L Press keys to lock keyboard in windows XP
Win+E Press keys to open My Computer
Win+F Apply to open search options
Win+U Apply keys to open Utility Manager
Win+D To view desktop/minimize all windows
Win+F1 To view the detail windows help page
Win+Pause To view the System Properties dialog box
Win+Tab Move through taskbar programs
Win+F+Ctrl Apply to open search for computers
Alt+Tab Move through opened windows programs
Alt+F4 Press keys to close active windows program
Alt+Enter Apply to open properties of selected item
Alt+ SPACEBAR Open the system menu of active window
Alt+ SPACEBAR +N Press keys to minimize the active program
Alt+ SPACEBAR +R Press keys to restore the active program
Alt+ SPACEBAR+C Press keys to close the active program
Alt+ SPACEBAR+X Press keys to maximize the active program
Alt+ SPACEBAR+M Press keys to move the active program
Ctrl+Alt+Delete Apply to open windows task manager
Ctrl+Shift+Esc Apply to open windows task manager
Ctrl+Esc Press keys to open start menu
Shift Shift key to prevent CD from automatically playing
Shift+Delete To delete items permanently
Learn UNIX in 10 minutes
Sections:
Directories:
Moving around the file system:
Listing directory contents:
Changing file permissions and attributes Moving, renaming, and copying files:
Viewing and editing files:
Shells Environment variables Interactive History Filename Completion Bash is the way cool shell. Redirection:
Pipes: Command Substitution Searching for strings in files:
The grep command Searching for files :
The find command Reading and writing tapes, backups, and archives:
The tar command File compression: compress, gzip, and bzip2 Looking for help:
The man and apropos commands Basics of the vi editor
Directories:
File and directory paths in UNIX use the forward slash "/"
to separate directory names in a path.
examples:
/ "root" directory
/usr directory usr (sub-directory of / "root" directory)
/usr/STRIM100 STRIM100 is a subdirectory of /usr
Moving around the file system:
pwd Show the "present working directory", or current directory.
cd Change current directory to your HOME directory.
cd /usr/STRIM100 Change current directory to /usr/STRIM100.
cd INIT Change current directory to INIT which is a sub-directory of the current
directory.
cd .. Change current directory to the parent directory of the current directory.
cd $STRMWORK Change current directory to the directory defined by the environment
variable 'STRMWORK'.
cd ~bob Change the current directory to the user bob's home directory (if you have permission).
Listing directory contents:
ls list a directory
ls -l list a directory in long ( detailed ) format
for example:
$ ls -l
drwxr-xr-x 4 cliff user 1024 Jun 18 09:40 WAITRON_EARNINGS
-rw-r--r-- 1 cliff user 767392 Jun 6 14:28 scanlib.tar.gz
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | owner group size date time name
| | | | number of links to file or directory contents
| | | permissions for world
| | permissions for members of group
| permissions for owner of file: r = read, w = write, x = execute -=no permission
type of file: - = normal file, d=directory, l = symbolic link, and others...
ls -a List the current directory including hidden files. Hidden files start
with "."
ls -ld * List all the file and directory names in the current directory using
long format. Without the "d" option, ls would list the contents
of any sub-directory of the current. With the "d" option, ls
just lists them like regular files.
Changing file permissions and attributes
chmod 755 file Changes the permissions of file to be rwx for the owner, and rx for
the group and the world. (7 = rwx = 111 binary. 5 = r-x = 101 binary)
chgrp user file Makes file belong to the group user.
chown cliff file Makes cliff the owner of file.
chown -R cliff dir Makes cliff the owner of dir and everything in its directory tree.
You must be the owner of the file/directory or be root before you can do any of these things.
Moving, renaming, and copying files:
cp file1 file2 copy a file
mv file1 newname move or rename a file
mv file1 ~/AAA/ move file1 into sub-directory AAA in your home directory.
rm file1 [file2 ...] remove or delete a file
rm -r dir1 [dir2...] recursivly remove a directory and its contents BE CAREFUL!
mkdir dir1 [dir2...] create directories
mkdir -p dirpath create the directory dirpath, including all implied directories in the path.
rmdir dir1 [dir2...] remove an empty directory
Viewing and editing files:
cat filename Dump a file to the screen in ascii.
more filename Progressively dump a file to the screen: ENTER = one line down
SPACEBAR = page down q=quit
less filename Like more, but you can use Page-Up too. Not on all systems.
vi filename Edit a file using the vi editor. All UNIX systems will have vi in some form.
emacs filename Edit a file using the emacs editor. Not all systems will have emacs.
head filename Show the first few lines of a file.
head -n filename Show the first n lines of a file.
tail filename Show the last few lines of a file.
tail -n filename Show the last n lines of a file.
Shells
The behavior of the command line interface will differ slightly depending
on the shell program that is being used.
Depending on the shell used, some extra behaviors can be quite nifty.
You can find out what shell you are using by the command:
echo $SHELL
Of course you can create a file with a list of shell commands and execute it like
a program to perform a task. This is called a shell script. This is in fact the
primary purpose of most shells, not the interactive command line behavior.
Environment variables
You can teach your shell to remember things for later using environment variables.
For example under the bash shell:
export CASROOT=/usr/local/CAS3.0 Defines the variable CASROOT with the value
/usr/local/CAS3.0.
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$CASROOT/Linux/lib Defines the variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH with
the value of CASROOT with /Linux/lib appended,
or /usr/local/CAS3.0/Linux/lib
By prefixing $ to the variable name, you can evaluate it in any command:
cd $CASROOT Changes your present working directory to the value of CASROOT
echo $CASROOT Prints out the value of CASROOT, or /usr/local/CAS3.0
printenv CASROOT Does the same thing in bash and some other shells.
Interactive History
A feature of bash and tcsh (and sometimes others) you can use
the up-arrow keys to access your previous commands, edit
them, and re-execute them.
Filename Completion
A feature of bash and tcsh (and possibly others) you can use the
TAB key to complete a partially typed filename. For example if you
have a file called constantine-monks-and-willy-wonka.txt in your
directory and want to edit it you can type 'vi const', hit the TAB key,
and the shell will fill in the rest of the name for you (provided the
completion is unique).
Bash is the way cool shell.
Bash will even complete the name of commands and environment variables.
And if there are multiple completions, if you hit TAB twice bash will show
you all the completions. Bash is the default user shell for most Linux systems.
Redirection:
grep string filename > newfile Redirects the output of the above grep
command to a file 'newfile'.
grep string filename >> existfile Appends the output of the grep command
to the end of 'existfile'.
The redirection directives, > and >> can be used on the output of most commands
to direct their output to a file.
Pipes:
The pipe symbol "|" is used to direct the output of one command to the input
of another.
For example:
ls -l | more This commands takes the output of the long format directory list command
"ls -l" and pipes it through the more command (also known as a filter).
In this case a very long list of files can be viewed a page at a time.
du -sc * | sort -n | tail
The command "du -sc" lists the sizes of all files and directories in the
current working directory. That is piped through "sort -n" which orders the
output from smallest to largest size. Finally, that output is piped through "tail"
which displays only the last few (which just happen to be the largest) results.
Command Substitution
You can use the output of one command as an input to another command in another way
called command substitution. Command substitution is invoked when by enclosing the
substituted command in backwards single quotes. For example:
cat `find . -name aaa.txt`
which will cat ( dump to the screen ) all the files named aaa.txt that exist in the current
directory or in any subdirectory tree.
Searching for strings in files: The grep command
grep string filename prints all the lines in a file that contain the string
Searching for files : The find command
find search_path -name filename
find . -name aaa.txt Finds all the files named aaa.txt in the current directory or
any subdirectory tree.
find / -name vimrc Find all the files named 'vimrc' anywhere on the system.
find /usr/local/games -name "*xpilot*"
Find all files whose names contain the string 'xpilot' which
exist within the '/usr/local/games' directory tree.
Reading and writing tapes, backups, and archives: The tar command
The tar command stands for "tape archive". It is the "standard" way to read
and write archives (collections of files and whole directory trees).
Often you will find archives of stuff with names like stuff.tar, or stuff.tar.gz. This
is stuff in a tar archive, and stuff in a tar archive which has been compressed using the
gzip compression program respectivly.
Chances are that if someone gives you a tape written on a UNIX system, it will be in tar format,
and you will use tar (and your tape drive) to read it.
Likewise, if you want to write a tape to give to someone else, you should probably use
tar as well.
Tar examples:
tar xv Extracts (x) files from the default tape drive while listing (v = verbose)
the file names to the screen.
tar tv Lists the files from the default tape device without extracting them.
tar cv file1 file2
Write files 'file1' and 'file2' to the default tape device.
tar cvf archive.tar file1 [file2...]
Create a tar archive as a file "archive.tar" containing file1,
file2...etc.
tar xvf archive.tar extract from the archive file
tar cvfz archive.tar.gz dname
Create a gzip compressed tar archive containing everything in the directory
'dname'. This does not work with all versions of tar.
tar xvfz archive.tar.gz
Extract a gzip compressed tar archive. Does not work with all versions of tar.
tar cvfI archive.tar.bz2 dname
Create a bz2 compressed tar archive. Does not work with all versions of tar
File compression: compress, gzip, and bzip2
The standard UNIX compression commands are compress and uncompress. Compressed files have
a suffix .Z added to their name. For example:
compress part.igs Creates a compressed file part.igs.Z
uncompress part.igs Uncompresseis part.igs from the compressed file part.igs.Z.
Note the .Z is not required.
Another common compression utility is gzip (and gunzip). These are the GNU compress and
uncompress utilities. gzip usually gives better compression than standard compress,
but may not be installed on all systems. The suffix for gzipped files is .gz
gzip part.igs Creates a compressed file part.igs.gz
gunzip part.igs Extracts the original file from part.igs.gz
The bzip2 utility has (in general) even better compression than gzip, but at the cost of longer
times to compress and uncompress the files. It is not as common a utility as gzip, but is
becoming more generally available.
bzip2 part.igs Create a compressed Iges file part.igs.bz2
bunzip2 part.igs.bz2 Uncompress the compressed iges file.
Looking for help: The man and apropos commands
Most of the commands have a manual page which give sometimes useful, often more or less
detailed, sometimes cryptic and unfathomable discriptions of their usage. Some say they
are called man pages because they are only for real men.
Example:
man ls Shows the manual page for the ls command
You can search through the man pages using apropos
Example:
apropos build Shows a list of all the man pages whose discriptions contain the word "build"
Do a man apropos for detailed help on apropos.
Basics of the vi editor
Opening a file
vi filename
Creating text
Edit modes: These keys enter editing modes and type in the text
of your document.
i Insert before current cursor position
I Insert at beginning of current line
a Insert (append) after current cursor position
A Append to end of line
r Replace 1 character
R Replace mode
Terminate insertion or overwrite mode
Deletion of text
x Delete single character
dd Delete current line and put in buffer
ndd Delete n lines (n is a number) and put them in buffer
J Attaches the next line to the end of the current line (deletes carriage return).
Oops
u Undo last command
cut and paste
yy Yank current line into buffer
nyy Yank n lines into buffer
p Put the contents of the buffer after the current line
P Put the contents of the buffer before the current line
cursor positioning
^d Page down
^u Page up
:n Position cursor at line n
:$ Position cursor at end of file
^g Display current line number
h,j,k,l Left,Down,Up, and Right respectivly. Your arrow keys should also work if
if your keyboard mappings are anywhere near sane.
string substitution
:n1,n2:s/string1/string2/[g] Substitute string2 for string1 on lines
n1 to n2. If g is included (meaning global),
all instances of string1 on each line
are substituted. If g is not included,
only the first instance per matching line is
substituted.
^ matches start of line
. matches any single character
$ matches end of line
These and other "special characters" (like the forward slash) can be "escaped" with \
i.e to match the string "/usr/STRIM100/SOFT" say "\/usr\/STRIM100\/SOFT"
Examples:
:1,$:s/dog/cat/g Substitute 'cat' for 'dog', every instance
for the entire file - lines 1 to $ (end of file)
:23,25:/frog/bird/ Substitute 'bird' for 'frog' on lines
23 through 25. Only the first instance
on each line is substituted.
Saving and quitting and other "ex" commands
These commands are all prefixed by pressing colon (:) and then entered in the lower
left corner of the window. They are called "ex" commands because they are commands
of the ex text editor - the precursor line editor to the screen editor
vi. You cannot enter an "ex" command when you are in an edit mode (typing text onto the screen)
Press to exit from an editing mode.
:w Write the current file.
:w new.file Write the file to the name 'new.file'.
:w! existing.file Overwrite an existing file with the file currently being edited.
:wq Write the file and quit.
:q Quit.
:q! Quit with no changes.
:e filename Open the file 'filename' for editing.
:set number Turns on line numbering
:set nonumber Turns off line numbering
Directories:
Moving around the file system:
Listing directory contents:
Changing file permissions and attributes Moving, renaming, and copying files:
Viewing and editing files:
Shells Environment variables Interactive History Filename Completion Bash is the way cool shell. Redirection:
Pipes: Command Substitution Searching for strings in files:
The grep command Searching for files :
The find command Reading and writing tapes, backups, and archives:
The tar command File compression: compress, gzip, and bzip2 Looking for help:
The man and apropos commands Basics of the vi editor
Directories:
File and directory paths in UNIX use the forward slash "/"
to separate directory names in a path.
examples:
/ "root" directory
/usr directory usr (sub-directory of / "root" directory)
/usr/STRIM100 STRIM100 is a subdirectory of /usr
Moving around the file system:
pwd Show the "present working directory", or current directory.
cd Change current directory to your HOME directory.
cd /usr/STRIM100 Change current directory to /usr/STRIM100.
cd INIT Change current directory to INIT which is a sub-directory of the current
directory.
cd .. Change current directory to the parent directory of the current directory.
cd $STRMWORK Change current directory to the directory defined by the environment
variable 'STRMWORK'.
cd ~bob Change the current directory to the user bob's home directory (if you have permission).
Listing directory contents:
ls list a directory
ls -l list a directory in long ( detailed ) format
for example:
$ ls -l
drwxr-xr-x 4 cliff user 1024 Jun 18 09:40 WAITRON_EARNINGS
-rw-r--r-- 1 cliff user 767392 Jun 6 14:28 scanlib.tar.gz
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | owner group size date time name
| | | | number of links to file or directory contents
| | | permissions for world
| | permissions for members of group
| permissions for owner of file: r = read, w = write, x = execute -=no permission
type of file: - = normal file, d=directory, l = symbolic link, and others...
ls -a List the current directory including hidden files. Hidden files start
with "."
ls -ld * List all the file and directory names in the current directory using
long format. Without the "d" option, ls would list the contents
of any sub-directory of the current. With the "d" option, ls
just lists them like regular files.
Changing file permissions and attributes
chmod 755 file Changes the permissions of file to be rwx for the owner, and rx for
the group and the world. (7 = rwx = 111 binary. 5 = r-x = 101 binary)
chgrp user file Makes file belong to the group user.
chown cliff file Makes cliff the owner of file.
chown -R cliff dir Makes cliff the owner of dir and everything in its directory tree.
You must be the owner of the file/directory or be root before you can do any of these things.
Moving, renaming, and copying files:
cp file1 file2 copy a file
mv file1 newname move or rename a file
mv file1 ~/AAA/ move file1 into sub-directory AAA in your home directory.
rm file1 [file2 ...] remove or delete a file
rm -r dir1 [dir2...] recursivly remove a directory and its contents BE CAREFUL!
mkdir dir1 [dir2...] create directories
mkdir -p dirpath create the directory dirpath, including all implied directories in the path.
rmdir dir1 [dir2...] remove an empty directory
Viewing and editing files:
cat filename Dump a file to the screen in ascii.
more filename Progressively dump a file to the screen: ENTER = one line down
SPACEBAR = page down q=quit
less filename Like more, but you can use Page-Up too. Not on all systems.
vi filename Edit a file using the vi editor. All UNIX systems will have vi in some form.
emacs filename Edit a file using the emacs editor. Not all systems will have emacs.
head filename Show the first few lines of a file.
head -n filename Show the first n lines of a file.
tail filename Show the last few lines of a file.
tail -n filename Show the last n lines of a file.
Shells
The behavior of the command line interface will differ slightly depending
on the shell program that is being used.
Depending on the shell used, some extra behaviors can be quite nifty.
You can find out what shell you are using by the command:
echo $SHELL
Of course you can create a file with a list of shell commands and execute it like
a program to perform a task. This is called a shell script. This is in fact the
primary purpose of most shells, not the interactive command line behavior.
Environment variables
You can teach your shell to remember things for later using environment variables.
For example under the bash shell:
export CASROOT=/usr/local/CAS3.0 Defines the variable CASROOT with the value
/usr/local/CAS3.0.
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$CASROOT/Linux/lib Defines the variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH with
the value of CASROOT with /Linux/lib appended,
or /usr/local/CAS3.0/Linux/lib
By prefixing $ to the variable name, you can evaluate it in any command:
cd $CASROOT Changes your present working directory to the value of CASROOT
echo $CASROOT Prints out the value of CASROOT, or /usr/local/CAS3.0
printenv CASROOT Does the same thing in bash and some other shells.
Interactive History
A feature of bash and tcsh (and sometimes others) you can use
the up-arrow keys to access your previous commands, edit
them, and re-execute them.
Filename Completion
A feature of bash and tcsh (and possibly others) you can use the
TAB key to complete a partially typed filename. For example if you
have a file called constantine-monks-and-willy-wonka.txt in your
directory and want to edit it you can type 'vi const', hit the TAB key,
and the shell will fill in the rest of the name for you (provided the
completion is unique).
Bash is the way cool shell.
Bash will even complete the name of commands and environment variables.
And if there are multiple completions, if you hit TAB twice bash will show
you all the completions. Bash is the default user shell for most Linux systems.
Redirection:
grep string filename > newfile Redirects the output of the above grep
command to a file 'newfile'.
grep string filename >> existfile Appends the output of the grep command
to the end of 'existfile'.
The redirection directives, > and >> can be used on the output of most commands
to direct their output to a file.
Pipes:
The pipe symbol "|" is used to direct the output of one command to the input
of another.
For example:
ls -l | more This commands takes the output of the long format directory list command
"ls -l" and pipes it through the more command (also known as a filter).
In this case a very long list of files can be viewed a page at a time.
du -sc * | sort -n | tail
The command "du -sc" lists the sizes of all files and directories in the
current working directory. That is piped through "sort -n" which orders the
output from smallest to largest size. Finally, that output is piped through "tail"
which displays only the last few (which just happen to be the largest) results.
Command Substitution
You can use the output of one command as an input to another command in another way
called command substitution. Command substitution is invoked when by enclosing the
substituted command in backwards single quotes. For example:
cat `find . -name aaa.txt`
which will cat ( dump to the screen ) all the files named aaa.txt that exist in the current
directory or in any subdirectory tree.
Searching for strings in files: The grep command
grep string filename prints all the lines in a file that contain the string
Searching for files : The find command
find search_path -name filename
find . -name aaa.txt Finds all the files named aaa.txt in the current directory or
any subdirectory tree.
find / -name vimrc Find all the files named 'vimrc' anywhere on the system.
find /usr/local/games -name "*xpilot*"
Find all files whose names contain the string 'xpilot' which
exist within the '/usr/local/games' directory tree.
Reading and writing tapes, backups, and archives: The tar command
The tar command stands for "tape archive". It is the "standard" way to read
and write archives (collections of files and whole directory trees).
Often you will find archives of stuff with names like stuff.tar, or stuff.tar.gz. This
is stuff in a tar archive, and stuff in a tar archive which has been compressed using the
gzip compression program respectivly.
Chances are that if someone gives you a tape written on a UNIX system, it will be in tar format,
and you will use tar (and your tape drive) to read it.
Likewise, if you want to write a tape to give to someone else, you should probably use
tar as well.
Tar examples:
tar xv Extracts (x) files from the default tape drive while listing (v = verbose)
the file names to the screen.
tar tv Lists the files from the default tape device without extracting them.
tar cv file1 file2
Write files 'file1' and 'file2' to the default tape device.
tar cvf archive.tar file1 [file2...]
Create a tar archive as a file "archive.tar" containing file1,
file2...etc.
tar xvf archive.tar extract from the archive file
tar cvfz archive.tar.gz dname
Create a gzip compressed tar archive containing everything in the directory
'dname'. This does not work with all versions of tar.
tar xvfz archive.tar.gz
Extract a gzip compressed tar archive. Does not work with all versions of tar.
tar cvfI archive.tar.bz2 dname
Create a bz2 compressed tar archive. Does not work with all versions of tar
File compression: compress, gzip, and bzip2
The standard UNIX compression commands are compress and uncompress. Compressed files have
a suffix .Z added to their name. For example:
compress part.igs Creates a compressed file part.igs.Z
uncompress part.igs Uncompresseis part.igs from the compressed file part.igs.Z.
Note the .Z is not required.
Another common compression utility is gzip (and gunzip). These are the GNU compress and
uncompress utilities. gzip usually gives better compression than standard compress,
but may not be installed on all systems. The suffix for gzipped files is .gz
gzip part.igs Creates a compressed file part.igs.gz
gunzip part.igs Extracts the original file from part.igs.gz
The bzip2 utility has (in general) even better compression than gzip, but at the cost of longer
times to compress and uncompress the files. It is not as common a utility as gzip, but is
becoming more generally available.
bzip2 part.igs Create a compressed Iges file part.igs.bz2
bunzip2 part.igs.bz2 Uncompress the compressed iges file.
Looking for help: The man and apropos commands
Most of the commands have a manual page which give sometimes useful, often more or less
detailed, sometimes cryptic and unfathomable discriptions of their usage. Some say they
are called man pages because they are only for real men.
Example:
man ls Shows the manual page for the ls command
You can search through the man pages using apropos
Example:
apropos build Shows a list of all the man pages whose discriptions contain the word "build"
Do a man apropos for detailed help on apropos.
Basics of the vi editor
Opening a file
vi filename
Creating text
Edit modes: These keys enter editing modes and type in the text
of your document.
i Insert before current cursor position
I Insert at beginning of current line
a Insert (append) after current cursor position
A Append to end of line
r Replace 1 character
R Replace mode
Deletion of text
x Delete single character
dd Delete current line and put in buffer
ndd Delete n lines (n is a number) and put them in buffer
J Attaches the next line to the end of the current line (deletes carriage return).
Oops
u Undo last command
cut and paste
yy Yank current line into buffer
nyy Yank n lines into buffer
p Put the contents of the buffer after the current line
P Put the contents of the buffer before the current line
cursor positioning
^d Page down
^u Page up
:n Position cursor at line n
:$ Position cursor at end of file
^g Display current line number
h,j,k,l Left,Down,Up, and Right respectivly. Your arrow keys should also work if
if your keyboard mappings are anywhere near sane.
string substitution
:n1,n2:s/string1/string2/[g] Substitute string2 for string1 on lines
n1 to n2. If g is included (meaning global),
all instances of string1 on each line
are substituted. If g is not included,
only the first instance per matching line is
substituted.
^ matches start of line
. matches any single character
$ matches end of line
These and other "special characters" (like the forward slash) can be "escaped" with \
i.e to match the string "/usr/STRIM100/SOFT" say "\/usr\/STRIM100\/SOFT"
Examples:
:1,$:s/dog/cat/g Substitute 'cat' for 'dog', every instance
for the entire file - lines 1 to $ (end of file)
:23,25:/frog/bird/ Substitute 'bird' for 'frog' on lines
23 through 25. Only the first instance
on each line is substituted.
Saving and quitting and other "ex" commands
These commands are all prefixed by pressing colon (:) and then entered in the lower
left corner of the window. They are called "ex" commands because they are commands
of the ex text editor - the precursor line editor to the screen editor
vi. You cannot enter an "ex" command when you are in an edit mode (typing text onto the screen)
Press
:w Write the current file.
:w new.file Write the file to the name 'new.file'.
:w! existing.file Overwrite an existing file with the file currently being edited.
:wq Write the file and quit.
:q Quit.
:q! Quit with no changes.
:e filename Open the file 'filename' for editing.
:set number Turns on line numbering
:set nonumber Turns off line numbering
Linux Commands
A
alias Create your own name for a command
arch print machine architecture
ash ash command interpreter (shell)
awk (gawk) pattern scanning and processing language
B
basename Remove directory and suffix from a file name
bash GNU Bourne-Again Shell
bsh Command interpreter (Shell)
bc Command line calculator
bunzip2 Unzip .bz2 files
C back to commands top
cat Concatenate a file print it to the screen
chgrp Change the group designation of a file
chmod Change file permissions
chown Change the owner of a file
cjpeg Compress an image file to a JPEG file
clear Clear terminal screen (command line)
comm Compare two sorted files
stty cooked Formatting the display of text in a terminal
cp Copy command
cpio Copy files to and from archives
csh C Shell
cut Print selected parts of lines to standard output
D back to commands top
date Display date and time
dc Command line calculator
df Show amount of disk space free
diff Determine difference between two files
diff3 Determine difference between 3 files
dig Interrogate DNS name servers
djpeg Decompress a JPEG file to an image file
dmesg Print or control the kernel ring buffer (print out bootup messages)
dnsdomainname Show the system's DNS domain name
doexec Run an executable with an arbitrary argv
domainname Show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name
dos2unix Converts plain text files in DOS/MAC format to UNIX format
du Show disk useage
dumpkeys Write keyboard driver's translation tables to std output
E back to commands top
echo Display a line of text
ed Line-oriented text editor
egrep Print lines matching a pattern
elinks A text mode WWW browser (supports frames)
env Dislay the path
ex Start Vim in ex mode
eject Eject media from device ( command line )
F back to commands top
factor Display prime factors of a number
false Exit with a status code indicating failure
fdisk The fdisk command with usage examples
fgrep Variant of grep
find Find a file
finger Displays information about the system users
fixps Try to fix common PostScript problems that break postprocessing
free Display free memory
G back to commands top
grep Search for a pattern using regular expression
gtar See the tar command
gunzip Unzip .gz files
gzip Compress using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)
H back to commands top
halt Stop the system
hdparm Get/set harddisk parameters
head Print the first 10 lines of a file to standard output
hostname Show or set the system's host name
history Display entire command history
HISTSIZE Change history size
httpd Start Apache
I back to commands top
identify Describes the format and characteristics of image files.
id Print information for username, or the current user
ifconfig Display network and hardware addresses
igawk Gawk with include files
ipcalc Calculate IP information for a host
K back to commands top
kbd_mode Report or set the keyboard mode (RAW, MEDI- UMRAW or XLATE)
kill Terminate a process
L back to commands top
last Show listing of last logged in users
lastlog Formats and prints the contents of the last login log /var/log/lastlog file
link Call the link function to create a link to a file
links See elinks
ln Create a link to the specified TARGET with optional LINK_NAME
loadkeys Load keyboard translation tables
locate Locate a file
login Sign on
look Displays any lines in file which contain "string" as a prefix.
ls List directory contents
lsmod List loaded kernel modules
lynx Command to start the Lynx browser
M back to commands top
mac2unix Converts plain text files in DOS/MAC format to UNIX format
mail A mail processing system, which has a command syntax like ed
man Display a particular manual entry
manweb Manweb is part of the Netpbm package
mdu Display the amount of space occupied by an MSDOS directory
mkdir Create a directory
mkfs Make a filesystem on a drive
mknod Make block or character special files
mktemp Make temporary filename (unique)
more Page through text one screenful at a time.
mount Mount a filesystem/device
mt Control magnetic tape drive operation
mv Move and / or rename files
N
namei Follow a pathname until a terminal point is found
nano An enhanced free Pico clone
ncftp Browser program for the File Transfer Protocol
nc nc is the client interface to the NEdit text editor
netstat Display verbose info about network processes and ports
nice Run a command with modified priority
nisdomainname Show or set system's NIS/YP domain name
nslookup query internet domain name servers
P
paste Merge lines of files
pdf2dsc Generate a PostScript page list of a PDF document
pdf2ps Convert PDF file "input.pdf" to PostScript(tm) in "output.ps"
pdfinfo Print contents of the 'Info' dictionary (plus some other useful information) from a PDF file
pdftotext Convert pdf files to plain text
perl (start) Practical Extraction and Report Language
pgawk The profiling version of gawk
pico Text editor that comes with Pine (from the University of Washington)
pine Email program used by The University of Washington
ping6 Ping
ping Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts
pinky A lightweight 'finger' program;
pr Format for printing
ps Processes running
ps2ascii Ghostscript translator from PostScript or PDF to ASCII
ps2epsi Generate conforming Encapsulated PostScript
ps2frag Obsolete shell script for the PSfrag system
ps2pdf12 Convert PostScript to PDF 1.2 (Acrobat 3 and later compatible) using ghostscript
ps2pdf13 Convert PostScript to PDF 1.3 (Acrobat 4 and later compatible) using ghostscript
ps2pdf14 Use ps2pdfwr: Convert PostScript to PDF without specifying Compatibility Level, using ghostscript
ps2pdf Convert PostScript to PDF using ghostscript
ps2pdfwr Convert PostScript to PDF without specifying Compatibility Level, using ghostscript
ps2pk creates a TeX pkfont from a type1 PostScript font
ps2ps ps2ps uses gs to convert PostScript(tm) file "input.ps" to simpler and (usually) faster PostScript in "output.ps"
psbook Rearranges pages from a PostScript document into "signatures" for printing books or booklets
pwd Print Working Directory
Q back to commands top
quota display disk usage and limits
R back to commands top
resize Xterm window size
readelf Displays information about ELF files
reboot Stop the system, poweroff, reboot
red red is a restricted ed: it can only edit files in the current directory and cannot execute shell commands
rename Rename files
rmdir Remove a directory
rm Remove files or directories
rpm rpm command options
rundig Sample script to create a search database for ht://Dig
rview The GUI version of Vim in easy mode with restrictions
rvi Vi / Vim editor
S back to commands top
sed Stream editor
setfont Load EGA/VGA console screen font
set gid Set group id
set serial Get / set Linux serial port info
set uid Set user id
sfdisk Modified fdisk program
sftp Secure file transfer protocol (ftp)
sh Shell (BASH)
shred Safely remove data from disk drive
sleep Delay for a specified amount of time
slocate Security Enhanced version of the GNU Locate
sort Sort lines of a text file
ssh Secure shell connection command
stty change and print terminal line settings
stty raw Unformatted output to terminal
su Become super user ( root )
switchdesk Graphical and text mode interface for choosing desktop environment
sync Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block
ssh Secure shell connection command
T back to commands top
tail Print the last 10 Lines of a file standard output
tar Create an Archive
tcsh Enhanced completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell, csh
tee Copy standard input to each file, and also to standard output
telnet User interface to the telnet protocol
time Run the specified program command with the given arguments
touch Change file timestamps
tracepath6 See tracepath
tracepath Trace path to a network host discovering MTU along this path
traceroute6 See traceroute
traceroute Print the route packets take to network host
tree Display file tree
true Exit with a status code indicating success
tty Print name of terminal connected to standard output
U back to commands top
umask File creation mask / Bash builtins
umount Detache file system(s) mentioned from file hierarchy
uname Print system information ( kernel version )
unicode_start Put keyboard and console into Unicode (UTF-8) mode
unicode_stop Undo the effect of unicode_start
unlink Call the unlink function to remove the specified file
uniq Remove duplicate lines from sorted file
updatedb Update the slocate database
unset gid Group id change
unset uid User id change
untar Unarchive ( untar ) a file
unzip Unzip .zip files
useradd Add new user
users Output who is currently logged in according to system records
usleep Sleep a given number of microseconds. default is 1
V back to commands top
view Start vim in read-only mode
vi Start the vi editor
W back to commands top
w Show who is logged on and what they are doing
wc Word count of a file
wget Non-interactive download of files from the Web
whatis Search the whatis database for complete words (command names)
whereis Locate a command or file
which Find command path
whoami Print effective userid
who show who is logged on
whois Client for the whois service
X,Y,Z back to commands top
xinit Start Xserver
xpdf Portable Document Format (PDF) file viewer for X windows
xrandr Change resolution running Xwindows ( command line )
ypdomainname show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name
zcat Compress or expand files
zip Compression and file packaging utility for Unix, VMS, MSDOS, OS/2, Windows NT, Minix, Atari and Macintosh, Amiga and Acorn RISC OS. It is analogous to a combination of the UNIX commands tar(1) and compress(1) and is compatible with PKZIP (Phil Katz’s ZIP for MSDOS systems)
zipinfo List detailed information about a ZIP archive
alias Create your own name for a command
arch print machine architecture
ash ash command interpreter (shell)
awk (gawk) pattern scanning and processing language
B
basename Remove directory and suffix from a file name
bash GNU Bourne-Again Shell
bsh Command interpreter (Shell)
bc Command line calculator
bunzip2 Unzip .bz2 files
C back to commands top
cat Concatenate a file print it to the screen
chgrp Change the group designation of a file
chmod Change file permissions
chown Change the owner of a file
cjpeg Compress an image file to a JPEG file
clear Clear terminal screen (command line)
comm Compare two sorted files
stty cooked Formatting the display of text in a terminal
cp Copy command
cpio Copy files to and from archives
csh C Shell
cut Print selected parts of lines to standard output
D back to commands top
date Display date and time
dc Command line calculator
df Show amount of disk space free
diff Determine difference between two files
diff3 Determine difference between 3 files
dig Interrogate DNS name servers
djpeg Decompress a JPEG file to an image file
dmesg Print or control the kernel ring buffer (print out bootup messages)
dnsdomainname Show the system's DNS domain name
doexec Run an executable with an arbitrary argv
domainname Show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name
dos2unix Converts plain text files in DOS/MAC format to UNIX format
du Show disk useage
dumpkeys Write keyboard driver's translation tables to std output
E back to commands top
echo Display a line of text
ed Line-oriented text editor
egrep Print lines matching a pattern
elinks A text mode WWW browser (supports frames)
env Dislay the path
ex Start Vim in ex mode
eject Eject media from device ( command line )
F back to commands top
factor Display prime factors of a number
false Exit with a status code indicating failure
fdisk The fdisk command with usage examples
fgrep Variant of grep
find Find a file
finger Displays information about the system users
fixps Try to fix common PostScript problems that break postprocessing
free Display free memory
G back to commands top
grep Search for a pattern using regular expression
gtar See the tar command
gunzip Unzip .gz files
gzip Compress using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)
H back to commands top
halt Stop the system
hdparm Get/set harddisk parameters
head Print the first 10 lines of a file to standard output
hostname Show or set the system's host name
history Display entire command history
HISTSIZE Change history size
httpd Start Apache
I back to commands top
identify Describes the format and characteristics of image files.
id Print information for username, or the current user
ifconfig Display network and hardware addresses
igawk Gawk with include files
ipcalc Calculate IP information for a host
K back to commands top
kbd_mode Report or set the keyboard mode (RAW, MEDI- UMRAW or XLATE)
kill Terminate a process
L back to commands top
last Show listing of last logged in users
lastlog Formats and prints the contents of the last login log /var/log/lastlog file
link Call the link function to create a link to a file
links See elinks
ln Create a link to the specified TARGET with optional LINK_NAME
loadkeys Load keyboard translation tables
locate Locate a file
login Sign on
look Displays any lines in file which contain "string" as a prefix.
ls List directory contents
lsmod List loaded kernel modules
lynx Command to start the Lynx browser
M back to commands top
mac2unix Converts plain text files in DOS/MAC format to UNIX format
mail A mail processing system, which has a command syntax like ed
man Display a particular manual entry
manweb Manweb is part of the Netpbm package
mdu Display the amount of space occupied by an MSDOS directory
mkdir Create a directory
mkfs Make a filesystem on a drive
mknod Make block or character special files
mktemp Make temporary filename (unique)
more Page through text one screenful at a time.
mount Mount a filesystem/device
mt Control magnetic tape drive operation
mv Move and / or rename files
N
namei Follow a pathname until a terminal point is found
nano An enhanced free Pico clone
ncftp Browser program for the File Transfer Protocol
nc nc is the client interface to the NEdit text editor
netstat Display verbose info about network processes and ports
nice Run a command with modified priority
nisdomainname Show or set system's NIS/YP domain name
nslookup query internet domain name servers
P
paste Merge lines of files
pdf2dsc Generate a PostScript page list of a PDF document
pdf2ps Convert PDF file "input.pdf" to PostScript(tm) in "output.ps"
pdfinfo Print contents of the 'Info' dictionary (plus some other useful information) from a PDF file
pdftotext Convert pdf files to plain text
perl (start) Practical Extraction and Report Language
pgawk The profiling version of gawk
pico Text editor that comes with Pine (from the University of Washington)
pine Email program used by The University of Washington
ping6 Ping
ping Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts
pinky A lightweight 'finger' program;
pr Format for printing
ps Processes running
ps2ascii Ghostscript translator from PostScript or PDF to ASCII
ps2epsi Generate conforming Encapsulated PostScript
ps2frag Obsolete shell script for the PSfrag system
ps2pdf12 Convert PostScript to PDF 1.2 (Acrobat 3 and later compatible) using ghostscript
ps2pdf13 Convert PostScript to PDF 1.3 (Acrobat 4 and later compatible) using ghostscript
ps2pdf14 Use ps2pdfwr: Convert PostScript to PDF without specifying Compatibility Level, using ghostscript
ps2pdf Convert PostScript to PDF using ghostscript
ps2pdfwr Convert PostScript to PDF without specifying Compatibility Level, using ghostscript
ps2pk creates a TeX pkfont from a type1 PostScript font
ps2ps ps2ps uses gs to convert PostScript(tm) file "input.ps" to simpler and (usually) faster PostScript in "output.ps"
psbook Rearranges pages from a PostScript document into "signatures" for printing books or booklets
pwd Print Working Directory
Q back to commands top
quota display disk usage and limits
R back to commands top
resize Xterm window size
readelf Displays information about ELF files
reboot Stop the system, poweroff, reboot
red red is a restricted ed: it can only edit files in the current directory and cannot execute shell commands
rename Rename files
rmdir Remove a directory
rm Remove files or directories
rpm rpm command options
rundig Sample script to create a search database for ht://Dig
rview The GUI version of Vim in easy mode with restrictions
rvi Vi / Vim editor
S back to commands top
sed Stream editor
setfont Load EGA/VGA console screen font
set gid Set group id
set serial Get / set Linux serial port info
set uid Set user id
sfdisk Modified fdisk program
sftp Secure file transfer protocol (ftp)
sh Shell (BASH)
shred Safely remove data from disk drive
sleep Delay for a specified amount of time
slocate Security Enhanced version of the GNU Locate
sort Sort lines of a text file
ssh Secure shell connection command
stty change and print terminal line settings
stty raw Unformatted output to terminal
su Become super user ( root )
switchdesk Graphical and text mode interface for choosing desktop environment
sync Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block
ssh Secure shell connection command
T back to commands top
tail Print the last 10 Lines of a file standard output
tar Create an Archive
tcsh Enhanced completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell, csh
tee Copy standard input to each file, and also to standard output
telnet User interface to the telnet protocol
time Run the specified program command with the given arguments
touch Change file timestamps
tracepath6 See tracepath
tracepath Trace path to a network host discovering MTU along this path
traceroute6 See traceroute
traceroute Print the route packets take to network host
tree Display file tree
true Exit with a status code indicating success
tty Print name of terminal connected to standard output
U back to commands top
umask File creation mask / Bash builtins
umount Detache file system(s) mentioned from file hierarchy
uname Print system information ( kernel version )
unicode_start Put keyboard and console into Unicode (UTF-8) mode
unicode_stop Undo the effect of unicode_start
unlink Call the unlink function to remove the specified file
uniq Remove duplicate lines from sorted file
updatedb Update the slocate database
unset gid Group id change
unset uid User id change
untar Unarchive ( untar ) a file
unzip Unzip .zip files
useradd Add new user
users Output who is currently logged in according to system records
usleep Sleep a given number of microseconds. default is 1
V back to commands top
view Start vim in read-only mode
vi Start the vi editor
W back to commands top
w Show who is logged on and what they are doing
wc Word count of a file
wget Non-interactive download of files from the Web
whatis Search the whatis database for complete words (command names)
whereis Locate a command or file
which Find command path
whoami Print effective userid
who show who is logged on
whois Client for the whois service
X,Y,Z back to commands top
xinit Start Xserver
xpdf Portable Document Format (PDF) file viewer for X windows
xrandr Change resolution running Xwindows ( command line )
ypdomainname show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name
zcat Compress or expand files
zip Compression and file packaging utility for Unix, VMS, MSDOS, OS/2, Windows NT, Minix, Atari and Macintosh, Amiga and Acorn RISC OS. It is analogous to a combination of the UNIX commands tar(1) and compress(1) and is compatible with PKZIP (Phil Katz’s ZIP for MSDOS systems)
zipinfo List detailed information about a ZIP archive
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
HOW TO TRANSFER FILES BETWEEN MOBILE BLUETOOTH & PC
Setting up bluetooth to work on your computer
1. Just Insert the bluetooth dongle in the USB.
2. It should get detected by your Operating System and should be ready to use. In case it is just detected as a new hardware, you need to install drivers for it that came with your bluetooth dongle (You can try Google to find the drivers).
3. Once drivers are installed, a bluetooth notification icon will appear in your system tray.
4. Right Click on it to access Settings (This may vary with your bluetooth dongle).
5. Make sure you have turned Discovery On (It allow others to see your computer).
6. Switch On the bluetooth on the mobile device.
To transfer files from PC to Mobile
There are different methods by which you can send files. Again this might vary with your bluetooth dongle. You have the option of selecting the tray icon and then select Send a file or alternatively you can Right Click on the file and select Send To. Both the method sending files may or may not be available with every bluetooth dongle you use. But both the method invokes the same thing that we will invoke directly to transfer files and is available in the WinXP built.
1. Hit Win + R, type in fsquirt and hit Ok.
fsquirt_run
2. Select Next and then select Send a file.
3. Hit Browse for searching the device and select your device in the next window.
4. Select Next and then select the file to send via bluetooth by clicking on browse.
5. Select Next and it will try to connect with the device selected.
6. Accept the incoming connection on the mobile device and the transfer starts.
To transfer files from Mobile to PC
Your PC cannot accept files if you just send files from your bluetooth device. Although it will get detected but you will receive a message “Unable to connect”. You need to make your PC ready to accept incoming connections.
1. Hit Win + R, type in fsquirt and hit Ok.
fsquirt_run
2. Select Next and then select Receive a file.
3. Your PC is now waiting for incoming connections.
4. Send the file via bluetooth from your mobile device to PC by selecting Send via Bluetooth option.
5. The transfer will start and when it is completed, you are asked for the location where you want your file to be saved.
Bonus Tip :
You can create a shortcut to simply greet you with the option of either sending or receiving a file.
Right Click on empty space on your desktop. Select New > Shortcut. Type in fsquirt and you are done.
Now you can use this shortcut everytime you need to transfer files between your PC and mobile device.
1. Just Insert the bluetooth dongle in the USB.
2. It should get detected by your Operating System and should be ready to use. In case it is just detected as a new hardware, you need to install drivers for it that came with your bluetooth dongle (You can try Google to find the drivers).
3. Once drivers are installed, a bluetooth notification icon will appear in your system tray.
4. Right Click on it to access Settings (This may vary with your bluetooth dongle).
5. Make sure you have turned Discovery On (It allow others to see your computer).
6. Switch On the bluetooth on the mobile device.
To transfer files from PC to Mobile
There are different methods by which you can send files. Again this might vary with your bluetooth dongle. You have the option of selecting the tray icon and then select Send a file or alternatively you can Right Click on the file and select Send To. Both the method sending files may or may not be available with every bluetooth dongle you use. But both the method invokes the same thing that we will invoke directly to transfer files and is available in the WinXP built.
1. Hit Win + R, type in fsquirt and hit Ok.
fsquirt_run
2. Select Next and then select Send a file.
3. Hit Browse for searching the device and select your device in the next window.
4. Select Next and then select the file to send via bluetooth by clicking on browse.
5. Select Next and it will try to connect with the device selected.
6. Accept the incoming connection on the mobile device and the transfer starts.
To transfer files from Mobile to PC
Your PC cannot accept files if you just send files from your bluetooth device. Although it will get detected but you will receive a message “Unable to connect”. You need to make your PC ready to accept incoming connections.
1. Hit Win + R, type in fsquirt and hit Ok.
fsquirt_run
2. Select Next and then select Receive a file.
3. Your PC is now waiting for incoming connections.
4. Send the file via bluetooth from your mobile device to PC by selecting Send via Bluetooth option.
5. The transfer will start and when it is completed, you are asked for the location where you want your file to be saved.
Bonus Tip :
You can create a shortcut to simply greet you with the option of either sending or receiving a file.
Right Click on empty space on your desktop. Select New > Shortcut. Type in fsquirt and you are done.
Now you can use this shortcut everytime you need to transfer files between your PC and mobile device.
How to backup the whole registry
# 1 Hit Ctrl + R and type in regedit and hit return key.
# 2 Select My Computer and select Registry from the menu and then select Export registry file.
# 3 Give a name such as backup and select save.
There you have your registry backup. Keep it in a safe position. I recommend keeping a copy of backup on a different computer too.
Bonus Tip : To take the backup of a particular key, select that key and repeat the above steps.
# 2 Select My Computer and select Registry from the menu and then select Export registry file.
# 3 Give a name such as backup and select save.
There you have your registry backup. Keep it in a safe position. I recommend keeping a copy of backup on a different computer too.
Bonus Tip : To take the backup of a particular key, select that key and repeat the above steps.
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